By Kahui Lim and Hannah Safford
Water reuse is becoming more important to water security in arid regions like California. The California Recycled Water Policy calls for an increase of 1 million acre-feet of reused water per year by 2020 and 2 million by 2030. Assembly Bill (AB) 574 mandates that California establish a legislative framework for direct potable reuse (DPR)—where highly treated wastewater is recycled for drinking and other potable purposes—by 2023.
Technology already exists to treat reused water to levels meeting or exceeding health standards. But adequate technical capacity is not sufficient. Water reuse can trigger revulsion, especially when water is reused for drinking or other potable purposes. This note explores outreach and engagement strategies to overcome the “yuck factor” and achieve public support for water reuse.
Case studies
Los Angeles East Valley Water Recycling Project
In 1995, the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) began developing the East Valley Water Recycling Project. This $55 million water-reclamation project was intended to help “drought-proof” Los Angeles by using treated wastewater for groundwater recharge, irrigation, and other purposes. The project secured necessary approvals and construction was completed in 2000.
But as East Valley was about to come on-line, it was derailed by a public-relations disaster. Problems began when the Los Angeles Daily News published an article about East Valley with the headline “Tapping Toilet Water.” The concept of sewage being used for drinking sparked public outcry.
At the same time, an open Los Angeles mayoral contest was beginning. Several candidates seized on opposition to East Valley as campaign fodder, pledging to put a stop to “toilet-to-tap.” City attorney James Hahn was ultimately elected and made good on this promise. Hahn shut down East Valley and required LADWP to sever the pipeline bringing recycled water to the Hansen Spreading Grounds.
That public outcry could undermine a finished, $55 million project illustrates the importance of robust public engagement. As Gerald Silver, President of the Homeowners of Encino, said of LADWP’s poor outreach around East Valley: “Reaching out means reaching out in a way that people will understand.”
The severed pipeline at the Hansen Spreading Grounds is a reminder of public power and the importance of outreach.
Water reuse in Orange County
The Orange County Water District (OCWD) provides a successful example of water reuse. In 2008, OCWD began operating the Groundwater Replenishment System (GWRS), treating treated more than 70 million gallons per day of wastewater to potable standards. The product was then sent to replenish local aquifers used for drinking water.
The project has been widely recognized for its emphasis on education and engagement as well as engineering. A full decade before beginning construction, OCWD launched a public relations campaign to overcome negative perceptions of water reuse and secure broad support. The campaign employed various outreach strategies, including facility tours, television ads, briefings for elected officials, and partnerships with community groups and community leaders. It worked; the GWRS faced no substantial opposition. Media coverage of the project was generally positive, including headlines like “How California is Learning to Love Drinking Recycled Water” and “Magic in a Bottle”.
OCWD continues to creatively prioritize public relations as the GWRS expands. In 2017, OCWD secured special permission to bottle its recycled water for consumption. The bottles were distributed at tasting events throughout Southern California. In 2018, OCWD gained substantial media attention by earning a Guinness World Record for the most recycled water produced in 24 hours.
Research insights
Research confirms that outreach and engagement can increase acceptance of water reuse. Providing consumers with information on water reuse is a good first step. A survey commissioned by the water-technology company Xylem Inc. found that 89% of California residents are more accepting of reused water after learning more about the treatment process. A similar survey from the Victor Valley region of Southern California found that educating respondents about water reuse increased support for water reuse projects by 8 percent and decreased opposition by 7 percent.
Research also suggests ways to tailor messaging around water reuse. Public reaction to water reuse is often influenced by “affect heuristic,” a psychological principle that refers to people’s tendency to instinctively react to a stimulus based on prior experiences with similar or related things. Affect heuristic makes it difficult for people to overcome disgust associated with wastewater and accept scientific evidence that water reuse is safe. Numerous strategies exist to combat this heuristic. The Xylem survey found that referring to reused water as “purified” water garners stronger support for its use as an additional local water supply than referring to it as “recycled” or “reclaimed” water. Other studies have found that emphasizing the low risks of water reuse increases support more than emphasizing the benefits. Finally, messaging should avoid terms with negative connotations (such as “sewage” or “waste”) and incorporate terms with positive connotations (such as “clean” and “sustainable”).
In addition, it is helpful to provide opportunities for people to experience water reuse firsthand. Pure Water San Diego and the Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center are just two of the multiple water recycling projects that, like OCWD, offer regular public tours. Tours allow participants to sample finished water: a powerful strategy for increasing consumer acceptance. As Marta Lugo, a public information representative of the Santa Clara Valley Water District (SCVWD, which oversees the Silicon Valley project), noted: “If people see their neighbors taking a taste, or their friends and peers, they get over a psychological barrier—it becomes normalized.” Indeed, the SCVWD found that taking a tour more than doubled the percentage of people strongly in favor of potable wastewater reuse.
Key takeaways
1: Engage proactively
The LADWP case study shows that it is difficult to recover once a negative narrative has taken hold. Hence outreach should begin early, during project planning. Options include working with community organizations, the media, and local leaders to explain how and why key decisions were made; sending brochures to utility customers; and hosting informational booths at public events.
2: Message carefully
How information is delivered is as important as the content itself. Messages should be delivered in clear, non-technical language, and should emphasize positive aspects and low risks of recycled water. It is also useful to articulate how water recycling can mitigate local water-supply issues.
3: Encourage public involvement
Broad public involvement in creates a sense of ownership that increases support. Project managers should consider recruiting local and stakeholders for advisory councils, providing opportunities for public comment, and offering tours and open houses.
Kahui Lim (klim@ucdavis.edu) and Hannah Safford (hrsafford@ucdavis.edu) are graduate students of environmental engineering at UC Davis. This blog was prepared for the course “ECI 289: Synergies Between Environmental Engineering and Water Policy” and originally published as a policy brief through the UC Davis Policy Institute for Energy, Environment, and the Economy. [Click here to download this blog as a PDF]
Further reading
- City of San Diego. (n.d.) Pure Water San Diego.
- Homan, N. (2016). “Toilet to tap”: A potential high quality water source for California. California WaterBlog.
- Leong, C. (2016). The Role of Emotions in Drinking Recycled Water. Water, 8(11).
- Orange County Water District. (n.d.) Water Reuse.
- Price, J., et al. (2015) Developing effective messages about potable recycled water: The importance of message structure and content. Water Resources Research, 51(4).
- WateReuse Foundation. (2006) Marketing Nonpotable Recycled Water.
With considerable difficulty, we obtained the first approval from the California Department of Public Health to reuse winery wastewater in a winery. Our process was a membrane bioreactor followed by RO filtration and UV sterilization. The manufacturer came from a background of petroleum wastewater and obtained an EPA permit to discharge processed petroleum wastewater directly into the Colorado River. They also provide modular systems for human waste at fracking sites and desalinization.
In spite of being proven potable over many months of trials, our winery reuse was limited to washing with a city water rinse on all food contact surfaces.
https://wordpress.com/post/miocenewine.com/1465
Toilet to Tap – It is just gross to think about. The reason is that you are giving one group/person with the responsibility to turn waste water into tap water. Accidents happen, sabotage or other such issues. Are you willing to trust that waste water is being properly turned into tap water? Think of the Contaminated water issues in Michigan or other water areas. Technically yes it can be done, but should it? Toilet to FARM – now that is an idea I can fully support since farmers use 70+ % of water it makes better since with more safety for all.
Nobody ever recycled any kind of wastewater by choice. It is a business decision based on the cost of tap water and the cost of disposing wastewater. Processed sewage is already widely used for landscape irrigation in California. Many new buildings are “dual plumbed” to deliver processed sewage to toilets only. The infrastructure to deliver largely coastal sewage to inland farms at the necessary scale does not exist.
Rodi Systems is currently developing a toilet to tap system for a small town in New Mexico. The people aren’t doing it to be cool. Trucking in their water just costs too much.
Thank you for the article. I’ve worked for last twenty years as a advocate for our right to safely swim, drink and fish from our local river. It’s clear as population grows and climate change reduces the reliability of our water supplies that re-use of treated water from our homes and cities must be a bigger part of our systems. The environmental footprint and costs of advanced purification of wastewater is much lower than desalination and it helps improve the water quality of our rivers and ocean. The one remaining issue we still have to solve the “brine” issue of how to re-purpose the chemicals, salts and solids we remove from water we’re treating. Drying and dumping in landfill is costly and unsustainable since many valuable compounds like phosphorus are in ever shorter supplies to commercializing the brine stream should be a major focus or research along with increasing public support. Reusing water in the urban environment keeps it in a loop, moving it to farms only makes sense if it is to replace overpumped groundwater or rivers. Unfortunately when we’ve provided other water sources for farmers in some areas like Central valley they keep pumping from ground and rivers so not increasing supply – just demands as the record shows.